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Freud and Psychoanalysis By any measure, Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential intellectuals of the 20th century.Freud, “Instincts and their Vicissitudes” (1915), in SE XIV, 117-140. Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917), in Phillips, 310-317.

1. The two terms used by Freud, Trieb and Instinkt, are rendered in the Standard Edition with the single English word instinct, although the editors themselves note that ‘the word “Trieb” bears much more of a feeling of urgency than the English “instinct”’. See Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. and ed. James Strachey, 24 volumes (London: Hogarth Press, 1953–74); hereafter abbreviated SE. The citation is from SE 18: 35. To avoid confusion and follow current critical usage, here the term drive(s) is consistently used for Trieb(e) except in quotations.Google Scholar
2. Freud A, ‘On Narcissism: An Introduction’ (1914), SE 14: 78; hereafter cited in the text as N.Google Scholar
3. See also Freud A, ‘Instincts and Their Vicissitudes’ (1915), SE: 14: 124.Google Scholar
4. Jacques Lacan, ‘Motifs du crime paranoïaque. Le crime des soeurs Papin’, Minotaure (February 1933): 25–8.Google Scholar
5. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book III: The Psychoses 1955–1956, trans. Russell Grigg, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 54.Google Scholar
6. Jean Laplanche, Life and Death in Psychoanalysis, trans. and introduction Jeffrey Mehlman (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. 17; hereafter abbreviated LD.Google Scholar
7. Jean Laplanche and Jean-Bertrand Pontalis, ‘Fantasy and the Origin of Sexuality’, in Formations of Fantasy, ed. Victor Burgin, James Donald and Cora Kaplan (London: Methuen, 1986), pp. 5–34, hereafter abbreviated F.Google Scholar
8. The term perversion was changed to paraphilia in the official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III) of the American Psychiatric Association in 1980. Homosexuality was not included. ‘Eight paraphilias were listed: fetishism, transvestism, zoophilia, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sexual masochism, and sexual sadism, all of which were liable to legal prosecution’ (John Money, The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement [New York: Continuum Publishing Company, 1999], p. 55). I thank Timothy Koths, a doctoral candidate in History of Consciousness at the University of California, Santa Cruz, for this information.Google Scholar
9. For a longer discussion of the ‘Butterfly’ fantasy in relation to popular culture, see Teresa de Lauretis, ‘Popular Culture, Public and Private Fantasies: Femininity and Fetishism in David Cronenberg’s M. Butterfly’, Signs 24. 2 (1999): 303–34. This and the following paragraphs summarize my reading of the film and develop it in relation to psychoanalytic theory.Google Scholar
10. See Jacques Lacan, ‘The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I’, in Écrits: A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
11. Christian Metz, The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema, trans. Celia Britton, Annwyl Williams, Ben Brewster and Alfred Guzzetti (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1982), p. 74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. ‘MISE-EN-ABÎME refers to the infinite regress of mirror reflections to denote the literary, painterly or filmic process by which a passage, a section or sequence plays out in miniature the processes of the text as a whole’ (Robert Stam, Robert Burgoyne and Sandy Flitterman-Lewis, New Vocabularies in Film Semiotics [London and New York: Routledge, 1992], p. 201). It is not coincidental, I think, that this technique of visual and narrative construction, which in French is called mise-en-abîme, in English is called mirror construction.Google Scholar

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